solar activity

F2 Layer Skip: How It Works

The F2 layer skip is a fascinating phenomenon in radio wave propagation that allows signals to travel vast distances beyond the horizon. This effect occurs when a signal reflects off…

How to Predict Tropospheric Ducting

Tropospheric ducting is a fascinating phenomenon that allows radio signals, especially in the VHF and UHF bands, to travel far beyond their normal line-of-sight range. How to predict tropospheric ducting…