Information

F2 Layer Skip: How It Works

The F2 layer skip is a fascinating phenomenon in radio wave propagation that allows signals to travel vast distances beyond the horizon. This effect occurs when a signal reflects off…

Ohm’s Law for Ham Operators

Ohm’s Law for ham operators is the foundation of all electrical and electronic work. It describes the simple yet powerful relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. Amateur radio operators rely…

How to Predict Tropospheric Ducting

Tropospheric ducting is a fascinating phenomenon that allows radio signals, especially in the VHF and UHF bands, to travel far beyond their normal line-of-sight range. How to predict tropospheric ducting…

K and A-Index for HF Planning

The K and A index are essential tools for predicting high-frequency (HF) radio propagation. These indices measure geomagnetic activity, which directly affects the ionosphere and, in turn, impacts how radio…

Frequency Division Multiple Access

Frequency Division Multiple Access, often called FDMA, represents one of the most fundamental techniques used in communication systems to allow multiple users to share the same communication medium. Engineers designed…